Real estate is an attractive asset class for many reasons and should have a place in every diversified portfolio. There are many ways to obtain exposure to real estate, with varying risk, reward, and liquidity characteristics. In the past, real estate investments were most easily accessible through publicly-traded real estate investment trusts, or REITs, as well as non-traded REITs. In recent years, there has been a considerable increase in real estate investment through other channels, especially syndications, crowdfunding, and direct real estate investment. While REIT investments may be accessible through a traditional brokerage account, the newer avenues of real estate investment are not.
Investing in Real Estate Through Tax-Advantaged Accounts
Increased interest in the real estate asset class has led many investors to ask if tax-advantaged accounts – IRAs, 401(k)s, HSAs, ESAs, and others – can invest in real estate via syndication, crowdfunding or direct investment. Investors are cognizant of the unavailability of such investments in their brokerage accounts, leading to the erroneous conclusion that regulated tax-advantaged accounts are precluded from pursuing illiquid investments.
The truth is that the Tax Code imposes few restrictions on the types of assets in which tax-advantaged accounts may invest in. As such, all retirement accounts can invest an array of alternative assets, including private lending, hard money lending, litigation finance, cryptocurrency, livestock, tax liens, and many others. Notwithstanding, the most popular application of the tax code’s “permissiveness” has been real estate investment, for which the most favorable vehicle is a Solo 401(k) Plan. A Solo 401(k) Plan is a Qualified Retirement Plan for small businesses that is exempt from many ERISA requirements. It is designed for businesses that have no full-time employees beyond the business owner(s) and spouse(s).
This article will address 15 key conceptual and practical aspects of Solo 401(k) Real Estate Investing, using the format of a Q&A with a representative Solo 401(k) Direct Real Estate Investor.
Q&A for Self-Directed Real Estate Investing
#1 What Kind of Real Estate Investment Did You Pursue with Your Solo 401(k)?
I made a direct real estate investment, meaning that I identified a specific property that met my investment criteria and bought the property using my 401(k) funds. I prefer direct real estate investment over REITs and other pooled vehicles because of the control and transparency it provides. I know my real estate market and work with knowledgeable real estate brokers to identify local opportunities that have little risk relative to their upside potential.
#2 I’m Considering Using a Solo 401(k) for Real Estate Investing — Are You Confident That Solo 401(k) Direct Real Estate Investment Is Legal?
I am completely confident that Solo 401(k) Direct Real Estate Investment is legal, albeit there were several individuals who informed me otherwise. Generally, the tax code aims to be economically neutral, so that financial decisions will be made based on economic factors, not taxes. Therefore, the tax code stays away from favoring some asset classes over others. The only asset class that is disallowed to 401(k) Plans are collectibles, such as artwork, alcohol, rugs, gemstones; other than the limitation regarding the collectibles asset-class, the tax code imposes no asset-class restrictions on 401(k) investing.
#3 How Did You Select a Solo 401(k) Provider to Set-Up Your Solo 401(k) Plan?
There are many Solo 401(k) Providers, providing very distinct service offerings. It is imperative to understand the structure of the industry and the nature of the various service providers. Above all, it’s important to understand the scope of services that you may need, so that you can determine which service-provider can best help you meet your objectives. I selected a provider based on my unique profile.
#4 Doesn’t a Solo 401(k) Provider Address All My Solo 401(k) Needs? What Needs Could I Have That Are Outside the Scope of Services Offered by a 401(k) Provider?
At the most basic level, Solo 401(k) Providers provide the backbone of a tax-advantaged Qualified Plan – a Qualified Plan Document. However, there are several other items that need to be addressed both prior and subsequent to signing a plan document. Those are items related to Solo 401(k) Plan Qualification, Solo 401(k) Compliance, Solo 401(k) Operations, and Solo 401(k) Strategy.
Addressing these items requires knowledge of complex areas of taxation and personal finance, including controlled group rules, affiliated services group rules, prohibited transactions, UBIT, and many others. Some of those impact whether-or-not you actually qualify for a Solo 401(k) Plan!
#5 What Is a Solo 401(k) Provider? What Distinguishes One from Another?
There are several types of 401(k) providers:
Brokerage House Solo 401(k) Providers
Brokerage houses, such as Fidelity, Schwab, E*TRADE, Vanguard and others offer Solo 401(k) Plans with varying tax features, but which do not allow for Direct Real Estate Investment. These providers generate revenue from the investments on their platform. Therefore, they provide a free Solo 401(k) plan, but require you to invest on their platform. They can’t advise on any tax matters.
Self-Directed Custodian Solo 401(k) Providers
Self-Directed IRA Trust Companies and Administrators provide Solo 401(k) Plans with varying tax features, which do allow Direct Real Estate Investment. However, such plans require that the Solo 401(k) funds and assets be administered by the custodian. An important distinction between IRAs and 401(k)s, per the Tax Code, is that IRAs require a qualified custodian, but 401(k) Plans do not. Although a Solo 401(k) Custodian may add value, the use and cost of such a custodian is voluntary. These providers generate revenue from administering assets and processing transactions. They can’t advise on any tax matters.
Independent Solo 401(k) Providers
Such providers will, generally, provide plans with the greatest flexibility and, of course, allow you to invest in real estate. Such Solo 401(k) Plans are referred to, in industry parlance, as Checkbook 401(k) Plans, because they allow you to keep investable 401(k) funds in a bank checking account that the plan participant directly controls. The “checkbook control” provided by these plans provides great flexibility, while reducing fees and streamlining 401(k) investment transactions. These providers generate revenue by providing 401(k) Plan Documents that provide broad flexibility with regard to plan investments and operations. They don’t custody assets or provide investments.
CPA and Attorney Affiliated Solo 401(k) Providers
Such providers are similar to Independent 401(k) Providers but can go beyond just providing a Solo 401(k) document to advise on every aspect of a Solo 401(k). These providers generate revenue by providing Solo 401(k) Plan documents, Solo 401(k) Filings (990-T, 1099-R, Forms 5500), and consulting on Solo 401(k) compliance.
#6 So, What Type of Provider Did You Work With?
Thankfully, I identified a CPA & Attorney Affiliated Solo 401(k) Provider to work with. I’m a partner in a medical practice and have some income from a side-gig that I used to form my Solo 401(k). I benefited from guidance regarding whether-or-not I qualify for a Solo 401(k) Plan, as ownership in the medical practice could disqualify my side-business from sponsoring a Solo 401(k). In addition, I benefited from guidance about how to structure, and how-not-to-structure, my side gig for optimal tax treatment. As part of the Solo 401(k) formation process, I had a comprehensive Solo 401(k) operations consultation in which we discussed prohibited transactions, UBIT, plan operations, and record-keeping.
#7 How Did You Fund Your Solo 401(k) Plan?
I funded my Solo 401(k) with a combination of rollovers from IRA accounts and new contributions. The new contributions were based on the net income from my side gig [EDITOR'S NOTE: Roth IRAs may not be rolled over to a 401(k) Plan, even the plan allows for Roth 401(k) subaccounts.] By consolidating retirement funds within the Solo 401(k), I was able to pursue larger real estate deals.
#8 Direct Real Estate Investment Benefits from Leverage, Borrowing Money to Finance Larger Deals — Were You Able to Do the Same with Your Solo 401(k)?
I did finance a portion of the deal, but it was not identical to financing a deal outside a 401(k). Although my Solo 401(k) can borrow money to finance an investment, I can’t personally guarantee the loan – doing so would be a prohibited transaction. The solution was to get a loan that is non-recourse, meaning the bank can’t look to me to satisfy the debt with my personal assets, only to the investment property itself. The terms are not as favorable as with a traditional loan to compensate for the decreased risk to me and increased exposure of the bank. I was able to address all this with my Solo 401(k) provider during the plan set-up.
It’s noteworthy that a Solo 401(k) does NOT generate UDFI when using leverage to finance real estate investment. UDFI, which stands for Unrelated Debt Financed Income, is a type of income that is taxable to tax-exempt entities, such as charitable not-for-profit organizations and retirement plans. UDFI is, usually, generated when a tax-exempt entity uses borrowed funds to finance an investment. However, there is a special carve out that exempts Solo 401(k) plans from this tax when indebtedness is incurred for real estate acquisition.
#9 What Other Differences Were There When Investing a Solo 401(k) into Real Estate?
The deal proceeds very much as it would with any other investment, only the assets are titled in the name of the 401(k) Plan. Likewise, all transactions are conducted in the name of the 401(k) Plan.
An option that my Solo 401(k) provider presented was having the Solo 401(k) invest in real estate through a solo 401(k)-LLC. They pointed out that if I were to purchase multiple properties, the 401(k) would benefit from the segregation of liabilities and that investment operations would be streamlined, as all could be conducted in the name of the LLC, a familiar business entity that is widely recognized. They emphasized that this was optional and for my first deal I chose to proceed without the LLC. When I purchase my next 401(k) real estate investment, I’ll put that one in a Solo 401(k)-LLC.
#10 Did You Have Difficulty Conducting Transactions in the Name of the 401(k)?
401(k) real estate investing is a novelty to many people and it takes a few moments for them to adjust. Getting a bank account set up required educating the bankers about Solo 401(k) Plans. My provider assisted me with this and introduced me to some bankers that are knowledgeable about Solo 401(k) Plans.
#11 Did Your 401(k) Property Require Any Rehabbing and How’d You Get That Done?
The 401(k) property did require some rehabbing and upgrading. I hired some folks to do the work and paid them out of the 401(k) bank account. My Solo 401(k) provider cautioned against me actually doing any of the work myself — and I was more than glad to comply with that.
#12 What Are the Limitations of Solo 401(k) Real Estate Investing?
There are few “per se” limitations, but there are compliance matters that you must be cognizant of. My Solo 401(k) provider pointed those out to me before initiating the plan formation. Anybody considering using a Solo 401(k) Plan for direct real estate investment must be aware of Prohibited Transactions.
#13 Prohibited Transactions! Sounds Intimidating — What Are Those?
They sound prohibitive, but they really have a very limited impact on my real estate investment. Conceptually, the Prohibited Transaction rules are designed to preclude us from generating any personal current benefit from our Qualified Plans. Congress created 401(k)s and other qualified plans to incentivize us to save for our futures. Therefore, legislation was enacted to remove any conflicts-of-interest to maximizing the plan’s ROI.
The prohibited transaction rules don’t allow me and certain other disqualified persons to transact with my 401(k) plan. Of course, I can act on behalf of my plan in my capacity as plan trustee. It is only that I, as an individual representing myself, can’t be a party to a 401(k) transaction.
#14 How Has Self-Directed 401(k) Real Estate Investing Been Working Out for You?
It’s been working out very well. Each month, my 401(k) bank account receives rental income. The property is performing well and has appreciated since bought by my Solo 401(k). The real estate has provided diversification and is outperforming (at least for the moment) my securities portfolio.
I always maintain a cash reserve in a 401(k)account. Any excess cash is available for further investment. My plan is to accumulate enough funds to purchase a second property with my 401(k). In the interim, that excess cash is loaned to other real estate investors, a high return investment that is secured by real estate. This is known as secured private lending and is another form of real estate investment.
#15 What Advice Would You Provide to Anybody Contemplating Solo 401(k) Real Estate Investing?
Successful real estate investing is very rewarding, but is far more demanding than the mouse clicks required to buy index funds. The outcome of my 401(k) real estate investment has been overwhelmingly positive and I’m confident that anybody that properly executes a 401(k) real estate plan can experience similar success.
What do you think about investing in real estate through your Individual 401(k)? Is it something you would consider? Why or why not?